Cover	1
	Series page	4
	Title page	5
	Copyright page	6
	Contents	7
	Notes on Contributors	11
	Part 1 : Introduction	21
	Chapter 1: Tourism: Conceptualizations, Disciplinarity, Institutions, and Issues	23
	Conceptualizing Tourism	25
	The Institutionalization of Tourism Studies: Tourism as a Discipline?	28
	Issues	32
	References	40
	Part 2 : Perspectives on Tourism	45
	Introduction: Perspectives on Tourism	47
	Chapter 2: Tourist Flows and Spatial Behavior	53
	Modeling Interdestination Tourist Movements	53
	Modeling Intradestination Movements	56
	Intervening Factors	59
	Distance Decay and Market Access	59
	Time and Financial Budgets	61
	Trip and Personal Characteristics	62
	Conclusion	62
	References	63
	Chapter 3: Tourism Motivations and Decision Making	65
	Background Issues	65
	A Core History of Tourist Motivation Study	66
	Adding to the Tourist Motivation Literature	68
	Employing Travel Motivation Concepts	68
	Decision Making	70
	Conclusions: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	70
	References	71
	Chapter 4: Political Economy of Tourism: Regulation Theory, Institutions, and Governance Networks	75
	Tourism and Regulation Theory	76
	Adapting Institutions: Transformations and Restructuring	78
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	80
	References	82
	Chapter 5: Cultural Geographies of Tourism	86
	Tourism as Geography Writ Large	87
	Being a Tourist, Doing Tourism	90
	Studying Tourism Cultures	93
	Conclusions	94
	References	95
	Chapter 6: Tourism Mobilities	98
	Global Tourism Mobilities	100
	Heritage Tourism Mobilities	102
	Imaginative and Communicative Tourism Mobilities	103
	Mobile Methods	104
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	104
	References	105
	Chapter 7: Critical Perspectives on Tourism	108
	Early Critical Perspectives	108
	The Development of the Critical Tourism Studies Movement	110
	Critical Engagements in Tourism and Hospitality	111
	Focus on the Researcher, Researcher Reflexivity	111
	Critical Research Methodologies	111
	Critical Tourism Pedagogy and Curriculum	111
	Inclusion of Long-Ignored Voices	112
	Critiques of the Critical Tourism and Hospitality Movement	112
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	115
	References	116
	Part 3 : Producing Tourism and Tourism Spaces	119
	Introduction: Producing Tourism and Tourism Spaces	121
	Chapter 8: Economic Geographies of Tourism Revisited: From Theory to Practice	127
	A Retrospective on the Economic Geography of Tourism	129
	Flows of Capital	131
	A Case Study: The Economic Geography of Air Transportation and Tourism	132
	Discussion and Conclusion	135
	References	136
	Chapter 9: Entrepreneurial Cultures and Small Business Enterprises in Tourism	140
	Entrepreneurship and Tourism: a Changing Research Agenda	140
	Entrepreneurial Processes and the Small Firm	141
	Entrepreneurial Cultures in Tourism: the Small-Scale Enterprise	142
	Models of Small-Firm Growth: Innovation and Knowledge Transfer	145
	Entrepreneurial Networks and Tourism Destinations	147
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections: Future Issues	148
	References	149
	Chapter 10: Labor Mobility and Labor Market Structures in Tourism	152
	Tourism Labor Markets and Labor Mobility	152
	Tourism Labor Markets	152
	Labor Mobility	154
	Issues in Tourism Labor Mobility	154
	Tourism and Labor Migration	154
	Understanding Migrant Experiences	155
	Labor Mobility and Human Capital	156
	Methodological Developments	156
	Future Developments	157
	References	159
	Chapter 11: Tourism and Development: From Development Theory to Globalization	163
	The Emergence of Development Theory	163
	Tourism through the Lens of Development Theory	166
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections: Issues and Challenges	168
	References	171
	Chapter 12: Transport and Tourism	175
	The Transport–Tourism–Mobility Relationship	176
	The Nascent Tourism Transport Literature	177
	The Relationship Between Transport, Recreation, and Tourism	178
	The Car and Recreational Travel	180
	Cycling as a Sustainable Form of Recreational and Tourist Transport	182
	Current Research Issues for Tourism and Transport	182
	Travelers’ Health Issues	182
	Sustainable Transport and Tourism Issues	183
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	184
	References	184
	Chapter 13: Tourism Innovation: Products, Processes, and People	188
	Types of Innovation in Tourism	189
	Entrepreneurs and Networks: Inspiration or Implementation	191
	Employees: Close to the Customer, Close to Innovation	192
	Tourists: Experts in the Tourism Experience and in Incremental Innovations	193
	Conclusions: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	195
	References	196
	Chapter 14: Souvenirs, Tourists, and Tourism	199
	Souvenirs Scholarship	200
	Souvenirs Phenomena	201
	Souvenirs Consumption	202
	Souvenirs Perceptions	203
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	205
	References	206
	Part 4 : Globalizing People, Places, and Markets in Tourism	209
	Introduction: Globalizing People, Places, and Markets in Tourism	211
	Chapter 15: Transnational Corporations and the Globalization of Tourism	217
	Drivers of Globalization	218
	Economic Drivers	218
	Technology Drivers	219
	Social Drivers	219
	Political Drivers	220
	Effects	221
	Economic Development	221
	Destruction of Local Industries	222
	Employment Opportunities	223
	Spread of Technical Knowledge	224
	New Markets	225
	Spread of Education	225
	Environmental Protection	225
	Social Effects	226
	Conclusions	227
	References	228
	Chapter 16: Problematizing Place Promotion and Commodification	230
	Place Marketing and Management	231
	Mindful Place Promotion	234
	Epilogue: Theoretical, Methodological, and Practice Reflections	235
	References	236
	Chapter 17: Urban Tourism and the Experience Economy	240
	Experience Economy and Geography: Intimate Connections	241
	Experience Landscapes in Urban Tourism: Issues and Concerns	242
	Experiencing Experiencescapes: Methodological Developments	245
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections: Questions for the Future	246
	References	247
	Chapter 18: Tourism and Creative Economies	250
	Historical Antecedents	250
	Synergies Between the “Creative” Industry and Tourism	251
	Cultural Quarters	252
	Individual Creative Industries and Forms of Special-Interest Tourism	254
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	257
	References	257
	Chapter 19: Mobilities, Ethnicity, and Tourism	260
	The Mobility Paradigm	260
	The Tourism Imaginary	261
	Defining Ethnicity	262
	Ethnicity and Tourism	263
	Chinatown	264
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	266
	References	268
	Chapter 20: GPS, Smartphones, and the Future of Tourism Research	271
	The Introduction of GPS to Social Science Research and to Tourism Studies	272
	The Smartphone Revolution and it Implications for Tourists and Researchers	273
	GPS Data and the Potential for Complex Spatiotemporal Modeling and Data Mining	275
	Ethical Questions and the Tracking of Tourists	275
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	277
	Key Questions for Future Research	278
	References	279
	Chapter 21: New Territories in Information Technologies and Tourism Research	282
	The Critical Turn and Technology	283
	Embedded Cognition, Situated Action, and Technologies as Actors	284
	The Interface of Tourism	286
	Bridging Reflection and Making	289
	Centers and Peripheries: Place-Centric Design	290
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	291
	References	292
	Part 5 : Social Theories of Tourist Practice, Experience, and Landscapes Encounters	295
	Introduction: Social Theories of Tourist Practice, Experience, and Landscapes Encounters	297
	Chapter 22: Landscapes of Tourism	302
	The Place of Landscape in Tourism Geography: A Critical Assessment	303
	On the Relationship of Tourism and Landscape	303
	The Visual Aspect of Landscape in Tourism	304
	The Relational and Affective Aspects of Landscape in Tourism	305
	Contemporary Trends of Landscape Globalization	305
	Key Issues and Research Advances in Tourism Landscapes	306
	Setting the General Context	306
	The First Overarching Period	307
	The Second Overarching Period	309
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	310
	References	311
	Chapter 23: Tourism After the Postmodern Turn	314
	“Tourism, Modernity, and Postmodernity” After a Decade	314
	Where did Postmodernity Go?	315
	Practice: Real Tourism	317
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections: Tourism as Analytic	321
	References	321
	Chapter 24: The Tourist Gaze 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0	324
	1.0	325
	2.0	326
	3.0	328
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections: Conclusion	331
	References	331
	Chapter 25: Gender and Feminist Perspectives in Tourism Research	334
	Tourism Research and Education	335
	Women, Employment, and Empowerment	336
	Tourism and the Global Sex Trade	337
	Tourism and the Sexualization of Everyday Life	338
	Tourism’s “Hot” Environments and Sexual Harassment	339
	Epilogue: Theoretical, Methodological, and Practice Reflections	340
	References	341
	Chapter 26: Tourism and the Visual	345
	The Grand Tour, the Picturesque, the Sublime, and Occularcentrism	346
	The Tourist Gaze	346
	Embodied Visualities in Tourism	347
	Performances, Practice, and the Visual	348
	Mediation and Technology: Repositioning Tourists as Coproducers of the Visual	349
	Changing Visualities and Changing Methods	350
	Conclusions	351
	References	352
	Chapter 27: Speaking Heritage: Language, Identity, and Tourism	356
	Social: Historical Linguistic Context	359
	Social: Contemporary Linguistic Usage	360
	Individual Linguistic Experience	362
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	364
	References	364
	Chapter 28: Religion and Spirituality in Tourism	369
	Clearing the Path	369
	Religious Parameters of Traveling	370
	Religious Sites	371
	Pilgrimages	373
	Spirituality and Spiritual Tourism	375
	Conclusion	376
	References	377
	Part 6 : Tourist Attractions Places, Spaces, and Forms	381
	Introduction: Tourist Attractions: Places, Spaces, and Forms	383
	Chapter 29: Material Culture and Contested Heritage in Tourism	388
	Conservation Meets Development	388
	The Future of the Past in the World’s Emerging Economies	390
	Planning for Conservation	392
	Everyday conflicts in Dubrovnik	394
	Acknowledgments	396
	References	396
	Chapter 30: Trends in Tourism, Shopping, and Retailing	398
	Shopping Tourism and Tourist Shopping	398
	Contemporary Trends	399
	Alternative Settings	400
	Shopping as Place-Making and Branding	401
	Perspectives on Demand	401
	Globalized Shopping	402
	Conclusion: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	403
	References	405
	Chapter 31: Progress in Second-Home Tourism Research	409
	A Short History of Second-Home Research	409
	The Expansion of Second-Home Research	410
	Meanings and Motivations	411
	Location	412
	Second-Home Tourism Impacts	412
	The Tourism–Migration Nexus	414
	International Dimensions	415
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	415
	References	416
	Chapter 32: Timing Tourism: MICE, Events, and Mega-Events	421
	Essential Roles of Planned Events	422
	More Key Terminology	423
	Event Tourism	424
	Major Trends and Forces Pertaining to Event Tourism	425
	Challenges and Opportunities	425
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	428
	Event-Tourism Experiences and Meanings	428
	Antecedents to Event Tourism	429
	Planning and Managing Event Tourism	429
	Policy	430
	Outcomes	430
	Final Words	431
	References	431
	Chapter 33: Taking Stock of Sport Tourism Research	433
	Essence of Sport Tourism	433
	A Growing Body of Literature	434
	An Analysis of Five Journals	435
	Sport Tourism Type	437
	Empirical, Conceptual, and Review Articles	438
	Methodological Approaches	438
	Empirical Methods	439
	Geographic Focus	440
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	441
	References	442
	Chapter 34: Medical Tourism	445
	Generating Contexts	446
	Receiving Contexts	448
	The Space in Between	450
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	451
	References	452
	Chapter 35: Gay and Lesbian Tourism Practices	455
	Why Do We have Gay and Lesbian Tourists?	456
	Historical Notes on the Gay and Lesbian Tourism Segment	457
	Gay and Lesbian Destination Choices	459
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	461
	References	462
	Part 7 : Tourism and the Environment Change, Impacts, and Response	465
	Introduction: Tourism and the Environment: Change, Impacts, and Response	467
	Chapter 36: The Global Footprint of Tourism	474
	Biodiversity	475
	Water	476
	Land Use and Change	477
	Climate Change	478
	Geographical Scope	480
	Methodological Progress	480
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	480
	References	483
	Chapter 37: Climate-Change Implications for Tourism	486
	The New Realties of Global Climate Change for Tourism	487
	Direct Impacts of a Changed Climate	488
	Indirect Climate-Induced Environmental Change	489
	Indirect Climate-Induced Socioeconomic Change	489
	Impacts of Climate-Change Mitigation Policy	490
	The Geography of Tourism Vulnerability to Climate Change	491
	Adapting to Climate Change	493
	Conclusion: Is Tourism Prepared for Climate Change?	495
	References	496
	Chapter 38: Coastal and Marine Tourism: Emerging Issues, Future Trends, and Research Priorities	499
	CMT as an Area of Academic Focus	500
	Research Approaches	501
	Emerging Issues and Future Trends	502
	Geographical Expansion, Diversification, and the Influence of Technology	502
	Human-Induced Climate Change	503
	CMT as a Development Strategy	503
	Environmental Impacts	504
	Safety and Risk Management	504
	Human-Created or -Enhanced Marine Attractions	504
	Special Events, Sporting Contests, and Extreme Challenges	505
	The Spread of Mass Tourism	505
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	505
	Acknowledgments	507
	References	507
	Chapter 39: Sociocultural Resilience and Tourism	510
	Defining Resilience	511
	Defining Culture	512
	The Value of Social Capital	513
	Resilience in Individualistic and Collectivist Societies	514
	Tourism and its Sociocultural Impacts	514
	Tourism and Resilience Research	515
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	516
	References	516
	Chapter 40: Tourism and Tourists in Nature, National Parks, and Wilderness	520
	The Role of Nature: Tourism in National Parks and Wilderness Areas	521
	Demand for the Wild	521
	Experiencing the Wild	525
	Nature-Based Tourism Industry	526
	Old and New Modes of Nature-Based Tourism	526
	Evolving Conflicts	527
	Conclusions: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections on Multiple Layers of Ambivalence	528
	References	529
	Chapter 41: Exploring the Precautionary Principle in an Environment and Tourism Context	533
	The Precautionary Principle	534
	Tourism and Precaution	535
	Conclusions: Reflections on Theory, Methods, and Practice	539
	References	541
	Chapter 42: The Sustainable Development of Tourism: A State-of-the-Art Perspective	544
	Alternative and Mass Tourism	545
	Bhutan and Dominica: Incremental Path?	546
	Benidorm and Calviá: Organic Path?	548
	Saemangeum: Induced Path?	549
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections: Evolution or Revolution?	550
	References	551
	Part 8 : Tourism Policies, Planning, and Governance	555
	Introduction: Tourism Policies, Planning, and Governance	557
	Chapter 43: Tourism and Public Policy: Contemporary Debates and Future Directions	562
	Background	562
	Research Approaches	564
	Balancing Grand Theory and the Particular	564
	Academic Policy Analysis	565
	From Government to Governance	566
	The Era of E-Governance?	567
	Digital Citizenship (Citizen 2.0)	568
	Self-Governing Networks: Metagovernance	569
	Third and Fourth Way Politics: Contemplating the Future	570
	Theoretical and Methodological Reflections	570
	References	571
	Chapter 44: Local Participation in Community Tourism: A Critical and Relational Assessment	576
	Practical Processes and Outcomes, and Their Difficulties	578
	A Relational and Interscalar Critical Assessment: Theory and Methods	580
	Assessing the Potential Significance of Community Tourism	582
	Conclusion	583
	References	584
	Chapter 45: Partnerships, Tourism, and Community Impacts	587
	The Rise of Tourism Partnerships	588
	Partnerships in Tourism Scholarship: State of the Art	590
	A Critical Assessment of Partnership Performance and Impacts	591
	Future Research Developments in Tourism Partnerships: Reflections on Theory, Methods, and Practice	592
	Partnership Continuity	593
	Role of Intermediaries in Tourism Partnerships and Network Governance	593
	Methods to Research Partnerships	593
	Partnerships in Destination Governance Structures and Networks	594
	References	594
	Chapter 46: Tourism in the Development of Regional and Sectoral Innovation Systems	598
	RIS	599
	SIS	601
	Tourism Innovation Systems	601
	Tourism Sectoral and Regional Innovation Systems	602
	Tourism Sectoral Innovation Systems	602
	TRIS	603
	Tourism as a Facilitator and Enabler of RIS	604
	Conclusions	605
	References	607
	Chapter 47: Critical Success Factors for Creating Community-Based Tourism	609
	From Local Champion-Led to Broader Community-Based Organization	611
	Alleviating Dependency and Reducing the Gestation Period	613
	Sustaining Commercial Viability and Developing Career Paths	614
	Establishing Partnerships with Specialist Tour Operators in Mature Stages	615
	Conclusions	616
	References	616
	Chapter 48: Strengthening Tourism–Poverty Linkages	620
	Develop Policy for Linkages, Not Leakages	621
	Research on Tourism–Agriculture Linkages	624
	Theoretical Reflections	627
	References	627
	Chapter 49: Tourism Crises and Disasters: Moving the Research Agenda Forward	631
	Introduction	631
	Planning and Preparedness	632
	Response and Recovery	633
	Research Approaches and Methods	635
	Conclusion and Research Futures	637
	References	638
	Part 9 : Conclusions	643
	Chapter 50: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges for Tourism: Just Out of Sight or Just Within our Reach?	645
	Reflections on this Volume	645
	Tourism: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges	646
	Challenges for Tourism Research	648
	Looking Outside the Box: Redefining the Tourism Research Agenda	651
	The Trajectory of the Tourism Academy	651
	References	652
	Index	655