Essentials of WPPSI™-IV Assessment	1
	Contents	11
	Series Preface	13
	Acknowledgments	15
	One: Overview	17
	HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD ASSESSMENT	18
	HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE WPPSI-IV	24
	DEVELOPMENT OF THE WPPSI-IV	28
	Key Revisions	28
	Subtests	29
	Composite Scores	37
	Test Structure	37
	Subtest Composition of Published Composite Scores	40
	Additional Index Scores in This Book and on the Accompanying CD	41
	VALIDITY	42
	Factor Analytic Studies	42
	Relation to WPPSI-III	43
	STANDARDIZATION AND PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES	47
	Reliability	47
	Loadings on the General Factor	47
	Subtest Specificities	51
	COMPREHENSIVE TEST REFERENCES	53
	REFERENCES	56
	Two: WPPSI-IV Administration	61
	TEST MATERIALS	61
	PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT	63
	ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING RAPPORT WITH VERY YOUNG CHILDREN	64
	STANDARD SUBTEST ADMINISTRATION ORDER	66
	SELECTION OF SUBTESTS	67
	SUITABILITY AND FAIRNESS	69
	Assessing Children at the Extremes of the Age Range	69
	Assessing Children With Special Needs	71
	START POINTS, REVERSE RULES, AND DISCONTINUE RULES	73
	Start Points	73
	Reverse Rules	75
	Discontinue Rules	75
	TIMING	78
	DEMONSTRATION, SAMPLE, AND TEACHING ITEMS	79
	REPETITIONS, PROMPTS, AND QUERIES	80
	Repetitions	80
	Prompts	80
	Queries	81
	RECORDING RESPONSES	81
	SUBTEST-BY-SUBTEST ADMINISTRATION	83
	Verbal Comprehension Subtests	83
	Visual Spatial Subtests	94
	Fluid Reasoning Subtests	98
	Working Memory Subtests	102
	Processing Speed Subtests	106
	FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: SUBTEST ADMINISTRATION	112
	REFERENCES	119
	Three: WPPSI-IV Scoring	121
	SCORING SUBTESTS	121
	Verbal Comprehension Subtests	122
	Visual Spatial Subtests	130
	Fluid Reasoning Subtests	132
	Working Memory Subtests	133
	Processing Speed Subtests	134
	WPPSI-IV SCORES	137
	Item Scores	137
	Total Raw Scores	138
	Standard Scores	138
	STEP-BY-STEP: WPPSI-IV SUBTEST AND COMPOSITE SCORES	139
	Obtain Total Raw Scores	139
	Obtain Scaled Scores	139
	Obtain Sums of Scaled Scores	142
	Obtain Composite Scores	149
	USING THE WPPSI-IV SCORING ASSISTANT	150
	FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: SCORING	155
	REFERENCES	162
	Four: WPPSI-IV Score Analysis and Interpretation	163
	UNDERSTANDING THE COMPOSITE SCORES	163
	Global Composite Scores	164
	Specific Composite Scores	167
	Additional Index Scores in This Book	170
	STEP-BY-STEP WPPSI-IV SCORE ANALYSIS TO INFORM INTERPRETATION	174
	Step 1a. Select the Appropriate Global Composite Score to Describe Overall Intellectual Ability	175
	Step 1b. Report and Describe the Global Composite Score	178
	Step 2a. Report and Describe the Cognitive Proficiency Index for Ages 4:0 to 7:7 (Perform Step 2 Only If the General Ability Index Was Selected as the Global Score	180
	Step 2b. If the General Ability Index Was Selected as the Global Score, Evaluate Pairwise Discrepancy Comparisons With the Full Scale IQ (2:6 to 7:7) and the Cognitive Proficiency Index (4:0 to 7:7 Only)	180
	Step 3a. Select the Index Scores (Specific Composite Scores)	181
	Step 3b. Report and Describe the Index Scores	182
	Step 4. Report and Describe the Subtest Scaled Scores	183
	Step 5a. Select the Index-Level Strengths and Weaknesses Comparison Score	184
	Step 5b. Evaluate Index-Level Strengths and Weaknesses Comparisons	187
	Step 6a. Select the Subtest-Level Strengths and Weaknesses Comparison Score(s)	189
	Step 6b. Evaluate Subtest-Level Strengths and Weaknesses	193
	Step 7. Evaluate Index-Level Pairwise Comparisons	193
	Step 8. Evaluate Subtest- and Process-Level Pairwise Comparisons	198
	REFERENCES	202
	Five: Strengths and Weaknesses of the WPPSI-IV	205
	ASSETS OF THE WPPSI-IV	206
	Fairly Easy Administration	206
	Better Alignment With Current Wechsler Scales	206
	Limitations to Subtest Substitution	207
	Clearer Distinction Between the Perceptual Reasoning Subtests—Split Between Visual Spatial and Fluid Reasoning	208
	Inclusion of Ancillary Index Scales	208
	More Developmentally Appropriate Processing Speed Tests (Bug Search and Animal Coding)	209
	New Working Memory Tasks (Picture Memory and Zoo Locations)	209
	Efficient Testing Time	210
	Something’s Lost and Something’s Gained	210
	Generally Easy Scoring	211
	Additional Interpretive Information	211
	Normative Sample	212
	Reliability	213
	Evidence of Validity	213
	Evidence of Validity With Special Groups	214
	Start Points	214
	Update of Materials, Artwork, and Record Form	215
	Streamlining of Discontinue Rules, Start Points	216
	WEAKNESSES	216
	Sum of Scaled Scores for Determination of FSIQ	216
	Lack of Full Cattell-Horn-Carroll Coverage	217
	Core Versus Supplemental Subtests	218
	Possible Interpretive Confusion Because of Index Name (Working Memory)	219
	Inclusion of Ancillary Scales	220
	More Cumbersome Administration With Inclusion of Zoo Locations and Object Assembly	220
	Dauber and Template Issues	221
	Issues With Subtest Administration and Instructions	222
	Determining S andWBased on Only the Core Subtests	226
	FINAL COMMENT	226
	REFERENCES	228
	Six: WPPSI-IV Score Differences Across Demographic Groups	231
	INTRODUCTION	231
	SCORES BY SEX	233
	SCORES BY PARENT EDUCATION LEVEL	235
	SCORES BY RACE/ETHNICITY	239
	African American Children	241
	Hispanic Children	244
	SUMMARY OF FINDINGS	246
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF SCORE DIFFERENCES	246
	REFERENCES	250
	Seven: WPPSI-IV Clinical Applications	253
	USE OF THE WPPSI-IV WITH COMMON EARLY CHILDHOOD REFERRAL QUESTIONS	253
	Children With Intellectual Giftedness	256
	Children With Intellectual Disability	258
	Children With Developmental Delay—Cognitive and Developmental Risk Factors	261
	Children With Preliteracy Concerns	263
	Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior	265
	Children With Expressive Language Disorder and Mixed Receptive–Expressive Language Disorder	267
	Children Who Are English Language Learners	269
	Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders	271
	COMPARISONS OF THE GENERAL ABILITY INDEX TO THE FULL SCALE IQ AND THE COGNITIVE PROFICIENCY INDEX FOR THE SPECIAL GROUP SAMPLES	273
	COMPARISON OF THE WORKING MEMORY INDEX TO THE PROCESSING SPEED INDEX FOR THE SPECIAL GROUP SAMPLES	275
	CLINICAL SAMPLES WITH RELATIVELY HIGH OR LOW SCORES ON THE PROCESSING SPEED INDEX	277
	ISSUES IN EARLY CHILDHOOD INTELLECTUAL ASSESSMENT	278
	REFERENCES	282
	Eight: Illustrative Case Reports	285
	CASE REPORT: GEORGE R.—INTELLECTUAL GIFTEDNESS AND HIGH ACHIEVEMENT	286
	Identifying and Demographic Information	286
	Referral Questions	286
	Evaluation Methods and Procedures	287
	Background and History	288
	Mental Status and Behavioral Observations	290
	Test Results and Interpretation	292
	Summary and Impressions	298
	Recommendations	300
	CASE REPORT: JANE B.—PRELITERACY CONCERNS	303
	Identifying and Demographic Information	303
	Referral Questions	303
	Evaluation Methods and Procedures	303
	Background and History	304
	Mental Status and Behavioral Observations	305
	Test Results and Interpretation	306
	Summary and Impressions	314
	Recommendations	316
	REFERENCES	321
	About the CD-ROM	323
	Author Index	327
	Subject Index	333