Shooting to Kill?	3
	Contents	7
	Preface	9
	About the Authors	13
	Acknowledgements	15
	List of Abbreviations	17
	1. Introduction: The Hardest Job in Policing?	19
	Shots Around the World	22
	Controversy	26
	Changes, Mistakes and Learning in Police Circles	27
	Contexts, Command, Frequencies and Victims	34
	Structure and Contents	38
	Timeline on Police Weapons and Firearms	41
	2. The Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes and ‘Operation Kratos’	49
	Stockwell, 22 July	54
	Briefing and Kratos	59
	3. Old Myths and Changing Realities	71
	Discourses Within and About Policing	71
	Tooling Up?	73
	Driving out the Dixon Myth	76
	New Problems and ‘Exceptional’ Measures	82
	4. Shootings, Policy Shifts and Competing Pressures	89
	Continuing Official Caution	93
	Hungerford	94
	Tragedy and Farce	96
	After Hungerford	98
	Event Driven’ or ‘Gun Driven’	99
	Shooting to Kill?	100
	Men, Guns and Ammo	107
	Replica Arguments and Replica Weapons	110
	5. Police Politics and Morale	115
	Hanging, Shooting and Opinion Polling	115
	Click by Click?	118
	The ‘Greatest British Defeat since Dunkirk’	122
	New Frontiers and Supply Side Questions	125
	The Most Important Decision for the Future of British Policing – Since Last Year	127
	War and Order: The New Continuum of Force	132
	The Dunblane Primary School Massacre and its Aftermath	133
	6. Policing in a ‘Gun Culture’? Policing of Guns and Policing with Guns	135
	Unpacking the Notion of a ‘Gun Culture’	140
	Guns and Gangs	142
	Gang Studies and ‘Cultures of Violence’	144
	Policing and Enforcement Action in ‘Gangland’	151
	Gun Crime Hotspots and ‘Problem-oriented Policing’	154
	Operation Ceasefire	156
	Bringing It All Back Home: ‘Gunchester’	159
	Policing of Guns, Policing with Guns	160
	7. Intelligence Dilemmas, Armed Response Policy and Research	165
	Gang Culture and the ‘Trident Model’	167
	From Reactive to Proactive	168
	Intelligence-led Dilemmas	170
	Research on Recent Police Shootings	177
	8. Critical Case Studies of Selected Police-involved Shooting Incidents	183
	The Shooting of James Ashley in Hastings, 1998	184
	The Shooting of Harry Stanley, 1999	189
	The Shooting of Andrew Kernan, 2001	195
	Caution at Highmoor Cross, 2004	199
	Ambush at Chandler’s Ford, 2007	202
	9. Concluding Themes: Losing by Appearing to Win?	211
	Bibliography	223
	Index	245