Equine Clinical Pathology	3
	Contents	7
	Contributors	13
	Preface	15
	1 General Laboratory Medicine	19
	General laboratory medicine	19
	Basic hematologic techniques	20
	Point-of-care testing	22
	Test validation and reference values	26
	References	30
	2 Equine Hematology	31
	Complete blood count interpretation	31
	Erythrocyte indices	31
	Leukogram	36
	Platelets	38
	Blood film evaluation	39
	Erythrocytes and platelets	41
	Leukocytes	46
	References	49
	3 Immunohematology and Hemostasis	53
	Immunohematology testing	55
	Blood typing	55
	Crossmatching	57
	Antibody screening and jaundiced foal agglutination test	58
	Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia	60
	Neonatal isoerythrolysis	62
	Infection-associated (Clostridial, EIA, R. equi, S. equi)	64
	Drug-associated	66
	Neoplasia-associated	66
	Coagulation testing	67
	Physiology of hemostasis	67
	Coagulation testing and disorders causing abnormalities	76
	References	82
	4 TheLiver	87
	Liver enzymes	87
	Hepatocellular enzymes	89
	Hepatobiliary enzymes	90
	Liver function tests	92
	Excretory function tests	92
	Tests dependent on synthetic/metabolic functions	93
	Other tests	95
	Hepatic diseases	96
	Toxins	96
	Infections	98
	Hepatic lipidosis	99
	Serum hepatitis (Theiler's disease)	99
	Hepatocellular neoplasia	100
	References	100
	5 Laboratory Evaluation of the Equine Renal System	103
	Laboratory assessment of the kidney	103
	Glomerular filtration rate	105
	Reabsorption and electrolyte regulation	106
	Water conservation and blood volume regulation	107
	Other renal functions	108
	Urinalysis	108
	Gross evaluation	108
	Urine-specific gravity	108
	Reagent test strips	110
	Urine sediment exam	111
	Laboratory abnormalities associated with different disease states	114
	Acute renal failure	114
	Chronic renal failure	114
	Urinary tract rupture	115
	"Early" renal disease	116
	Strenuous exercise	117
	References	117
	6 Acid-Base and Electrolytes	119
	Acid-base	119
	Steps to evaluating acid-base status	120
	Bicarbonate	120
	Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis	121
	Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis	122
	Compensatory mechanisms	122
	Base excess	123
	Electrolytes	123
	Sodium	123
	Chloride	125
	Potassium	126
	Calcium	128
	Magnesium	130
	Phosphate	131
	References	132
	7 Proteins	135
	Plasma proteins	135
	Albumin	135
	Globulin	136
	Acute phase proteins	136
	Protein disorders	140
	Hypoalbuminemia with hypoglobulinemia	140
	Hypoalbuminemia with normal or increased globulins	141
	Hypoglobulinemia with normal to increased albumin	141
	Hyperalbuminemia	142
	Hyperalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia	142
	Hyperglobulinemia	142
	Hyperfibrinogenemia	143
	References	143
	8 Laboratory Assessment of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism	147
	Lipids	147
	Triglyceride metabolism	148
	Laboratory characterization of lipid metabolism	149
	Equine hyperlipidemias	152
	Glucose	154
	Glucose metabolism	155
	Insulin resistance	156
	Laboratory characterization of glucose metabolism	156
	Diseases associated with glucose metabolic defects	161
	References	165
	9 Skeletal Muscle	169
	Laboratory evaluation of equine muscle disorders	169
	General causes of increased serum enzymes	169
	Serum enzymes detecting muscle injury	170
	Additional factors affecting CK and AST enzyme activity	174
	Other markers detecting muscle injury	175
	Equine muscle diseases	177
	Immune-mediated myopathies	177
	Infectious myopathies	179
	Traumatic myopathies	181
	Inherited or congenital myopathies	182
	Toxic myopathies	185
	Nutritional myopathies	187
	Myopathies of unknown cause	187
	Other myopathies	189
	References	189
	10 Endocrine Evaluation	197
	Testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)	197
	Cortisol concentrations	198
	Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) concentration	200
	Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (?-MSH) concentrations	202
	ACTH and ?-MSH concentration responses following thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration	202
	Insulin concentrations	203
	Testing thyroid function in horses	205
	Thyroid dysfunction	205
	Thyroid hormones	205
	Extrathyroidal effects on thyroid hormones	206
	Nonthyroidal illness syndrome	208
	Thyroid hormone evaluation	208
	Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration	209
	Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation	210
	TSH stimulation test	210
	T3 suppression test	211
	References	211
	11 Fluid Analysis	219
	Pleural and peritoneal fluid	219
	Pathogenetic mechanisms of body cavity effusions	220
	Body cavity fluid analysis	224
	Biochemical evaluation	226
	Cells and cell counts	228
	Synovial fluid	234
	Fluid analysis	235
	Degenerative arthropathies	240
	Inflammatory arthropathies	241
	Eosinophilic synovitis	243
	Hemarthrosis	243
	References	245
	12 Cytology of the Lower Respiratory Tract	249
	Indications	249
	Collection techniques	250
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	250
	Tracheal wash	250
	Sample processing	251
	Normal findings	252
	Cellular elements	252
	Acellular elements	255
	Contaminants	256
	Interpretation of cytologic patterns	257
	Neutrophilic inflammation	257
	Mixed neutrophilic and histiocytic inflammation	261
	Eosinophilic and mastocytic inflammation	261
	Hemosiderosis	262
	Cellular atypia	264
	References	265
	13 Cerebrospinal Fluid	269
	Formation, circulation, absorption, and function	269
	Collection	270
	Laboratory analysis	270
	Gross appearance	271
	Protein concentration	272
	Antibody titers	274
	Cell counts	274
	Glucose	276
	Enzymes	276
	Lactic acid	276
	Polymerase chain reaction	277
	Phenotyping	277
	Cytological examination	277
	Normal findings	278
	Abnormal findings	279
	CSF in specific diseases	280
	Viral infections	280
	Bacterial infections	281
	Fungal infections	281
	Parasitic infections	282
	Other diseases	282
	References	282
	Index	287
	Advert	296